1. Planning Passages
(Mariners Education/Navigation)

... prevented the accident. The practice of voyage planning has evolved from penciling lines on nautical charts to a process of risk management. Poor passage planning and deviation from the plan can lead ...

2. Marine Navigation
(Mariners Education/Navigation)

... or patterns. Longitude (λ) Lines of longitude appear curved in this projection, but are actually halves of great circles. Latitude (φ) Lines of latitude appear horizontal in this projection, but ...