The correct answer is D) All of the above. The reason this is the correct answer is that the United States Coast Guard requires mariners to plot a dead reckoning position after every fix or running fix, course change, and speed change. This is a fundamental navigation practice that allows the mariner to continuously track the vessel's position and progress, even in the absence of visual or electronic fixes. Plotting a DR position after each of these navigation events is crucial for maintaining situational awareness and safe passage. The other answer choices (A, B, and C) are incorrect because they only specify one or two of the required events, rather than the comprehensive "all of the above" approach that is the standard practice for Coast Guard-licensed mariners.