The correct answer is D) all of the above. When an individual falls overboard, the proper emergency response is to perform all three actions - throw a life ring overboard, hail 'Man Overboard', and pass the word to the bridge. These steps are critical to quickly locate and recover the person in the water. Throwing a life ring provides a flotation device, hailing 'Man Overboard' alerts the crew to the emergency, and notifying the bridge ensures the proper command and control response can be initiated. Performing all three actions in a coordinated manner is the appropriate and required procedure for a man overboard situation on a vessel. The other answer choices, while potentially useful, are incomplete on their own and do not represent the full emergency response required.