Question 23

The Correct Answer is D **Explanation for D (Correct Answer):** Option D, "if the bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change," is the direct quote (or paraphrasing of the critical concept) from Rule 7(d)(i) of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), which applies to both international and inland waters (when operating under COLREGs). Rule 7 covers "Risk of Collision." Specifically, Rule 7(d) states how one determines if risk of collision exists, and sub-paragraph (i) identifies the primary criterion: "Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change." This concept is the single most reliable and universal indicator of potential collision because it means both vessels are converging on the same point. **Explanation for Incorrect Options:** * **A) whenever a vessel crosses ahead of the intended track of another vessel:** This describes a close quarters situation or a crossing situation where one vessel might be the stand-on vessel, but the mere act of crossing ahead does not automatically *deem* risk of collision to exist. Risk of collision must be determined, often using the bearing method (D). * **B) if one vessel approaches another so as to be overtaking:** Overtaking is a specific category of encounter governed by Rule 13, but simply being in an overtaking situation does not *deem* risk of collision. Risk of collision must be ascertained. In many overtaking situations at a safe distance, no immediate risk exists, even though the overtaking vessel is required to keep clear. * **C) whenever two vessels approach from opposite directions:** This describes a head-on situation (Rule 14). While risk of collision is highly likely to exist in this scenario, the Rules do not state that risk is *deemed* to exist *whenever* they approach from opposite directions. If they are miles apart, there is no immediate risk. The reliable trigger defined by the Rules for when risk is *deemed* to exist is the steady compass bearing (D).